St. Leonards
- Offers many residential and community housing for males and females
- Offers different programs for offenders and other at risk youth during their reintegrative process. - Programs are free of charge - centrally located for easy access - Focuses mainly on individuals who have offended or are at risk of offending |
- Maison Louise Arbour does not offer long-term housing options for women and their children
- Residential programs focus mainly on the needs of male offenders in the community |
ANAGO
- Focuses not only on youth at risk with the law, also offers multiple purposes for young women and individuals with developmental and/or physical disabilities
- Offers active participation by the family members seeking help for their children - Allows youth to attain an education while participating in programs - Focuses on young male and female integrative and restorative needs. |
- Only offers support for youth who are at risk with the law.
- Programs may not be strict enough to ensure successful reintegration in the community. - Anago-Parkhill Therapeutic Care Residence is not centrally located, which may affect the amount a women participating in the program |
Central toronto youth services
- Helps young adults with both mental and social issues.
- Community counselling, workers are able to participate in the homes of the youth rather than sending the youth to new a housing location. - Offers programs for homosexual females and males as well as transgendered individuals. - Offers a surplus of counselling options for youth who are currently involved in the criminal justice system |
- Focus is mainly on individuals who are suffering from mental and social issues rather than individuals who are in trouble with the law and/or at risk of offending in their community.
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Theoretical framework
Social Disorganization:
- social learning, and moral development theories could be useful in establishing a strong theoretical base for the restorative justice approach.
- Social disorganization theory could offer not only an explanation of crime occurrence, but also could be used by restorative justice to respond to crime.
- The way one learns depends on "the society, the social environment, and social interactions" These findings could be used by restorative justice in understanding how the behaviour of one individual can be determined by the behaviour of others.
Moral Development:
- The pre-conventional level of moral development refers to how, based on consequences of his or her actions, one understands these actions and conforms to a norm as a result of a potential punishment
- In the conventional level, individuals will consider their behaviour based on social views and expectations.
Social Control:
- Lokana (2009) viewed the theory of social control, elaborated by Hirschi, and how it applies to restorative justice.
- Observed that those individuals who are more attached to society will trust and conform to the law. In contrast, those who are not attached to society, are not trusting of the law will not conform to it and will become delinquents.
(Popa, 2012)